Creating a Daily Skin Care Routine

Creating a daily skin care routine

Yu Feng Lin & Fawziya Twam

In terms of basic skincare needs, an effective skincare routine must emphasize protection, prevention, cleansing, and moisturizing. Daily sunscreen use is recommended, and the most effective active ingredients for sun protection are zinc oxide and avobenzone. Sunscreens undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy. Proper cleansing and moisturizing are essential, with different formulations suitable for various skin types.

To achieve a youthful, radiant complexion, a significant factor is exfoliation, either through chemical or physical means. Exfoliation is the process of removing excess corneocyte buildup, which in turn stimulates cell turnover, resulting in a more polished, smoother, translucent surface. Chemical exfoliants include alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) like glycolic and salicylic acid as well as newer polyhydroxy acids and retinaldehyde. Physical exfoliation include topical cleansing scrubs containing a variety of abrasive solid particulates, mechanical facial brushes, sonicating devices, and mildly abrasive cosmetic tools such as microexfoliating rollers. Physical exfoliation induces an immediate desquamation, which in some cases can produce a temporary disruption of the skin barrier, resulting in increased transepidermal water loss.

Aging skin can benefit from retinoids like tretinoin, which stimulate collagen production and improve firmness and elasticity. Nonprescription forms like retinol are available but less potent. Newer forms like retinaldehyde are gentler and effective. Maintaining hydration is vital for redensification, and barrier repair using moisturizers with humectants and barrier molecules is recommended. Sensitive skin requires barrier repair and inflammation reduction. Moisturizers with humectants and barrier-enhancing ingredients like ceramides are beneficial. Avoiding irritants and allergens is crucial. Topical chamomile is mentioned as an anti-inflammatory ingredient. Recommending products with fewer ingredients is advised.

For acne management, over-the-counter (OTC) products with ingredients like salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and sulfur are effective for mild to moderate acne. Combination treatments targeting hyperkeratinization, sebum production, bacterial proliferation, and inflammation are recommended. Hydrating, non-irritating products should be chosen for long-term compliance. Hyperpigmentation can be addressed with topical treatments containing hydroquinone and retinoids, along with exfoliation and sun protection. Brightening agents like kojic acid, AHAs, licorice root, and vitamin C derivatives can help maintain an even complexion. Continuous sun protection is essential to prevent pigmentation reoccurrence.

Morning Routine:

Cleansing: Start your day with a mild cleanser to remove impurities and prepare your skin for other products. Choose a gentle, hydrating cleanser.

Moisturizing: Apply a high-quality moisturizer containing ingredients like hyaluronic acid and ceramides. This will help lock in moisture and maintain skin barrier function.

Sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher sunscreen to protect your skin from UV damage. This step is crucial in preventing premature aging and skin damage.

Evening Routine:

Cleansing: Cleanse your face again using the same mild cleanser to remove makeup, dirt, and pollutants.

Treatment (if needed): If you have specific skin concerns like wrinkles or acne, you can use evidence-based products containing retinoids for anti-aging or topical treatments for acne as prescribed by a dermatologist.

Moisturizing: Apply a night cream or a richer moisturizer with ingredients like niacinamide, peptides, or antioxidants to help repair and rejuvenate your skin while you sleep.

Weekly Routine (1-2 times a week):

Exfoliation: Exfoliate your skin using a gentle chemical exfoliant (alpha or beta hydroxy acids). This helps remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and enhance product absorption.

Face Mask: Use a hydrating or clarifying mask, depending on your skin's needs. Look for masks with ingredients like hyaluronic acid, clay, or antioxidants.

Additional Considerations:

Consult a Dermatologist: If you have specific skin concerns or conditions (e.g., severe acne, eczema), consult a dermatologist for personalized recommendations and prescription treatments.

Diet and Hydration: Maintain a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and water. Good nutrition and hydration play a vital role in skin health.

Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water helps keep your skin hydrated from the inside out.

Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol: These habits can contribute to skin aging and damage.

Manage Stress: High stress levels can impact skin health. Practice stress management techniques like meditation or yoga.

Consistency is key with any skincare routine. Additionally, it's essential to introduce new products gradually to ensure they do not cause irritation or adverse reactions. Tailor your routine based on your specific skin type and concerns, and always patch-test new products before applying them to your face.

References:

Kim S, Ly BK, Ha JH, et al. A consistent skin care regimen leads to objective and subjective improvements in dry human skin: investigator-blinded randomized clinical trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(1):300-305. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1751037

Rodan K, Fields K, Majewski G, Falla T. Skincare Bootcamp: The Evolving Role of Skincare. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl Anatomy and Safety in Cosmetic Medicine: Cosmetic Bootcamp):e1152. Published 2016 Dec 14. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001152

Daily Skincare Routine Benefits

Our skin is more than just a superficial layer; it serves as a protective barrier against external elements and reflects our overall well-being. Establishing a consistent and personalized skincare routine is not only a beauty regimen, but also a crucial step in maintaining healthy and radiant skin. A well-designed skin care routine acts as a shield against the damaging effects of environmental factors such as pollution, UV radiation, and harsh weather conditions. Regular cleansing and moisturizing help remove impurities and replenish the skin's natural moisture barrier, preventing issues like dryness, irritation, and early signs of aging.

A proactive skin care regimen aids in preventing skin problems before they arise and correcting existing issues. Targeted products containing active ingredients such as antioxidants, retinoids, and hyaluronic acid can address concerns like wrinkles, fine lines, hyperpigmentation, and acne. Consistency is key here; regular application allows these ingredients to work effectively over time. Each person's skin is unique, necessitating a personalized approach to skincare. Creating a routine tailored to your skin type (dry, oily, combination, sensitive) and concerns ensures that you're using products that suit your skin's specific needs. This approach minimizes the risk of adverse reactions and maximizes the benefits of the products you apply.

Consistency yields long-term benefits. A diligent skincare routine encourages cellular turnover, collagen production, and optimal skin function. Over time, this translates to smoother texture, even tone, and a youthful appearance. Neglecting skin care, on the other hand, can lead to premature aging and increased susceptibility to various skin conditions. In addition, healthy skin often translates to boosted self-confidence. When you feel good about your skin's appearance, you're more likely to feel confident in your interactions and activities. A consistent routine involves regular skin examinations. This allows you to detect any changes, such as new moles, spots, or rashes, which could indicate potential skin problems. Early detection is crucial for addressing issues promptly and seeking professional medical advice if necessary. In addition, establishing a skincare routine instills discipline and a habit-forming mindset. This can spill over into other aspects of your life, promoting the development of healthy habits in other areas. While creating a skincare routine at home is valuable, seeking advice from a dermatologist or skin care professional can provide expert guidance. They can recommend products and treatments suited to your unique skin profile and goals.

References:

1. Goh, L., Wu, Y., Welsh, B., Abad-Casintahan, M. F., Tseng, J., Sharad, J., Jung, S., Rojanamatin, J., S. Sitohang, I. B., & Kingsley Chan, H. N. (2023). Expert consensus on holistic skin care routine: Focus on acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and sensitive skin syndrome. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 22(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15519

2. Rodan K, Fields K, Majewski G, Falla T. Skincare Bootcamp: The Evolving Role of Skincare. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016 Dec 14;4(12 Suppl Anatomy and Safety in Cosmetic Medicine: Cosmetic Bootcamp):e1152. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001152. PMID: 28018771; PMCID: PMC5172479.

Creating a Daily Skincare Routine

There are a variety of skincare routines that exist for dry, combination, or oily skin, which include a plethora of cleansers, moisturizers, toners, serums, sunscreens, eye creams, anti-aging products, the list goes on. The practice of an elaborate, comprehensive skincare routine is oftentimes promoted by the cosmetic industry and heavily advertised via social media platforms regarding its efficacy. However, there exists a lack of clinical evidence in supporting this extensive routine over the use of a single skin care product. This does not go to say that a skincare routine serves no beneficial purpose, but it is important that consumers are aware that when it comes to beauty and cosmetic companies, it is not uncommon that these industries exploit society's insecurities, especially that of women, in order to make profit. Using products that are clinically proven to be safe and effective will help optimize and individualize one’s skincare routine. An effective skincare routine incorporates products that protect the skin barrier, prevent UV damage and premature aging, cleanse the skin from debris buildup and excess sebum, and contain moisturizing properties.

Skincare products are categorized as either cosmetics or FDA-approved actives, which include drugs available as OTC or prescription. According to chapter VI of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act, cosmetics are defined as “articles intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body’s structure or functions.” It is important to note that cosmetic products and its ingredients do not require FDA premarket approval (the exception is color additives). On the other hand, OTC skincare products are FDA-approved and contain active ingredient(s) that may alter the structure or function of the skin. A youthful, healthy looking complexion is dependent on the conditions of both the epidermis and dermis, the density and quality of the extracellular matrix, cell distribution in the connective tissues, the appearance of cornified cells at the surface of the skin, and the variation in the skin’s natural fluorescence. The skin’s physiology is also impacted by individuals suffering from skin conditions, such as acne, hyperpigmentation, xerosis, and psoriasis. Thus, incorporating OTC products and/or cosmetic products in one’s skincare regimen play a critical role in restoring dermatologic health and appearance.

Cleanser

Selecting the appropriate cleanser depends on the individual’s skin type: dry, combination, or oily. Cleansers serve to remove debris buildup, excess sebum, and in some cases, makeup. There are FDA-approved cleansers that contain active ingredients for the purpose of restoring the skin’s barrier function, however, most cleansers do not. There are a variety of formulas on the market designed for one’s skin type, such as cream, water-based, and gel vehicles. For those with oily complexions, gel-based and bar cleansers are optimal. In contrast, cream or lotion-based ones are preferred in those with normal to dry skin. As stated prior, selection of the best product, in this case –cleanser– involves clinical testing on safety and efficacy.

Moisturizer

Another product that plays a significant role in one’s skincare regimen is moisturizer. Moisturizers contain humectant and occlusive agents. Humectants include hyaluronic acid, urea, and allantoin, which draw water from the environment and the deeper layers of the skin to the outermost layer in order to provide moisture. They are present in the water phase of a formula. Occlusive agents include petrolatum, mineral oil, and lanolin, which act as a barrier to transepidermal water loss and help with moisture retention. They are present in the oil phase of a formula. Lightweight gels, lotions, and serums are oil-in-water formulations and are most suitable for normal to dry skin. Ointments or creams are water-in-oil formulations and are most suitable for very dry skin that needs superior hydration.

Sunscreen

One of the most common skin damages is unprotected ultraviolet (UV) exposure from the sun. Thus, it is recommended that all individuals wear sunscreen daily with the use of agents that contain active ingredients, zinc oxide or avobenzone, since it can block out both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B. Sunscreen is categorized as OTC drugs and must undergo safety and efficacy testing and meet strict labeling requirements. The mandatory final step of every skincare regimen should be sunscreen. Not only does it prevent sunburns and UV damage, but it also prevents sun-induced premature aging.

Miscellaneous

Exfoliators

Epidermal cell turnover rate slows down with age which leads to the accumulation of dead keratinocytes in the stratum corneum and follicular ostia. As a result, the skin may lose its radiance and appear rough and dry. Current exfoliators available on the market are either chemical or physical. Common chemical exfoliators on the market include glycolic, lactic, and malic acids (known as α-hydroxy acids (AHAs)), and salicylic acid (a β-hydroxy acid). They are available OTC, however higher concentrations require professional administration. To reduce the risk of burning and irritation, concentrations generally range from 7%-10% and a pH above 3.5. Physical exfoliators are available as topical cleansing scrubs containing abrasive solid particulates, mechanical facial brushes, and micro exfoliating rollers. The purpose of either physical or chemical exfoliators is to remove excess corneocyte buildup and stimulate cell turnover, yielding a more radiant and smoother skin surface.

Retinoids

Advanced age may result in wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and changes in skin firmness. Intrinsic aging involves thinning of the epidermis and dermis due to the slowing of keratinocyte and fibroblast replication. Further, there is a decrease in glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin with increased age, thereby resulting in dermal thinning. To mitigate these effects, tretinoin topical prescription therapy, a synthetic form of vitamin A, is used to redensify the extracellular constituents through collagen and glycosaminoglycans upregulation. Its use promotes skin elasticity and firmness and improves photoaged skin through stimulating dermal collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. Expected side effects upon use, however, include pruritus, application site irritation, peeling, and erythema. Nonprescription forms are also available as retinol, but are less potent and less effective.

In conclusion, one of the basic components of a skincare routine should include the selection of an appropriate cleanser, moisturizer, and sunscreen. The product choice is dependent on the individual’s skin type (dry, normal, combination, oily), age, primary skin conditions (if any), skin concerns, and goals. Clinically proven and tested products are the most optimal and reliable in one’s skincare regimen that will maximize dermatologic outcomes.

References

Rodan, Katie, et al. “Skincare Bootcamp: The Evolving Role of Skincare.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open, 14 Dec. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5172479/.

Managing Dry Skin

Written by Aleksandra Agranovich

Dry skin, also known as xerosis, usually occurs when the integumentary system does not retain sufficient moisture. This tends to happen as a result of frequent exposure to water, the use of stripping soaps, aging, or certain medical conditions like eczema and dermatitis. In addition, dry skin may also affect people who live or reside in colder climates (North America/ Europe).

During the winter months, many people who have experienced dermatitis in the past may suffer from rough, flakey, or itchy skin. Cold weather and low humidity can negatively impact the skin barrier. Fortunately, there are many simple and inexpensive things that can be done to relieve dry winter skin. Some dermatologists recommend that patients use humidifiers throughout the colder months to rehydrate the skin surface and restore moisture.

Skin moisturizers, which rehydrate the top layer of skin, are the first step in combating dry skin. They contain three main types of ingredients, some of which include humectants (like ceramides, glycerin, sorbitol, hyaluronic acid, and lecithin). Other ingredients like petroleum jell and mineral oil can help to seal in that moisture within the skin. Emollients, such as linoleic, linolenic, and lauric acids, smooth skin by filling in the spaces between skin cells (Harvard Health).

Moisturizing your skin can rehydrate, soften, and rejuvenate the naturally found ceramides within the skin. As we age, it becomes difficult for our skin to retain moisture in the natural sense. Therefore, the sooner we start using moisturizers, the healthier our skin will feel and look. Moisturizers depend solely on individual skin type. Whether you have dry, oily, normal, inflamed or sensitive skin, there is a moisturizer out there that will suit your needs.

References

Moniaga CS, Tominaga M, Takamori K. Mechanisms and Management of Itch in Dry Skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(2):adv00024. doi:10.2340/00015555-3344

Yosipovitch G, Misery L, Proksch E, Metz M, Ständer S, Schmelz M. Skin Barrier Damage and Itch: Review of Mechanisms, Topical Management and Future Directions. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99(13):1201-1209. doi:10.2340/00015555-3296

https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/9-ways-to-banish-dry-skin